CL:AIRE Library

Article Index

CL:AIRE publishes a wide variety of materials, and to allow these to remain available to download free from our Library, we ask that people support CL:AIRE and sign up as members.

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All publications are listed below by the type of publication they are ie case study or research bulletin, however if you would like to understand which publications CL:AIRE has produced under a certain subject such as bioremediation or chemical remediation then please visit www.claire.co.uk/wall where CL:AIRE publications are listed under subject matter e.g Options Appraisal (INFO-OA2).

CL:AIRE encourages organisations to submit interesting material to be published. For example, there are a number of different bulletins that are available to disseminate your work (see below). If you have an idea, project or technology that you would like to write about please contact the CL:AIRE project team at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

CL:AIRE Technical Guidance

The Definition of Waste: Development Industry Code of Practice, 2010

An Illustrated Handbook of LNAPL Transport and Fate in the Subsurface, 2014

CAR-SOIL^TM :Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 - Interpretation for Managing and Working with Asbestos in Soil and Construction and Demolition Materials: Industry Guidance, 2016

Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Groundwater: Guidance on assessing petroleum hydrocarbons using existing hydrogeological risk assessment methodologies, 2017

Version 1.1 of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Groundwater, released in March 2017, includes several amendments to the original version (January 2017) and these are described in the Version Control Sheet in this pdf.

Professional Guidance: Comparing Soil Contamination Data with a Critical Concentration, 2020

Version 1.1 of Professional Guidance: Comparing Soil Contamination Data with a Critical Concentration, released in February 2021, includes several minor amendments to the original version (September 2020) and these are described in the Version Control Sheet in this pdf.

Good Practice for Risk Assessment for Coal Mine Gas Emissions, 2021

ADVOCATE Bulletins

ADVOCATE bulletins describe practical aspects of research which have direct application to the characterisation, monitoring or remediation of contaminated soil or groundwater.

AB 01 - Remediation of TCE contaminated groundwater using permeable reactive barriers (2014)

AB 02 - Selecting reactive materials for permeable barriers to remediate groundwater contaminated with heavy metals and BTEX: batch and column experiments (2014)

AB 03 - Enhancing bioremediation of groundwater by microbial interaction with a solid state electrode: proof-of-concept (2014)

AB 04 - River flows and riparian vegetation dynamics (2014)

AB 05 - Balancing the pillars of technology sustainability in soil and groundwater remediation (2014)

AB 06 - Nitrogen biotransformation in horizontal subsurfaceflow constructed wetlands treating contaminated groundwater (2015)

AB 07 - Vadose zone characterisation at industrial contaminated sites (2015)

AB 08 - The plume fringe: a zone of increased potential for biodegradation in contaminant plumes (2015)

AB 09 - Delineating groundwater-surface water interaction (2015)

AB 10 - Dual C-Cl isotope analysis to distinguish processes affecting chlorinated ethenes at field scale (2015)

AB 11 - Water quality management on a catchment scale (2016)

Case Study Bulletins

Case study bulletins provide a source of information on the characterisation and remediation of specific sites in the UK.

CSB 01 - Site characterisation in support of monitored natural attenuation of fuel hydrocarbons and MTBE in a chalk aquifer in Southern England (2002)

CSB 02 - A constructed wetland to treat acid mine drainage from colliery spoils at Quaking Houses, County Durham (2002)

CSB 03 - Portadown biological reactive barrier (2005)

CSB 04 - Mine water treatment at Wheal Jane Tin Mine, Cornwall (2004)

CSB 05 - Remediation trial at the Avenue Coking Works using stabilisation/solidification and accelerated carbonation technology (2006)

CSB 06 - Remediation Trial at the Avenue Using Thermal Treatment (2006)

CSB 07 - Remediation Trial at the Avenue Using Soil Washing (2008)

CSB 08 - Public affairs and communications on contaminated land projects (2007)

CSB 09 - Remediation of a Former Landfill in Coventry: A Practical Application of the Definition of Waste: Development Industry Code of Practice in a Cluster Project

CSB 10 - The Development of Risk Based Generic Assessment Criteria (GAC) for Assessment of Chronic Human Health Risks from Exposure to Soil Contaminants

CSB 11 - Remediation of Four Sites in Northwest England: A successfully Completed Multi-Site, Multi-Consultant Cluster Project

CSB12 - SEREBAR: A Review of 11 Years of Operation

Concawe Bulletins

CL:AIRE’s Concawe bulletins describe the deployment of sustainable remediation techniques and technologies on sites in Europe. Each bulletin includes a description of the project context and conceptual site model along with a sustainability assessment.

These bulletins form Appendix 1 of the Concawe report - Case Studies and Analysis of Sustainable Remediation Techniques and Technologies.

The report aims to fill in a recognised gap in the provision of detailed case studies documenting the practical implementation of sustainable remediation, and facilitate further refinement of guidance. It contains a cross comparison analysis of the ten case studies, seeking to help practitioners compare these case studies to their own projects. The report was prepared by Rob Sweeney and Nicola Harries, CL:AIRE and Paul Bardos, r3 Environmental Technology Ltd and is available to download on the Concawe website at www.concawe.eu

CON01-Sustainable Remediation of a Former Vehicle Maintenance Facility for Mixed Use Development

CON02-Natural Source Zone Depletion Assessment: UK Large-Scale Field Case Study

CON03-Sustainable In Situ Thermal Remediation

CON04-Sunshine on the Tyne – Sustainable Hydrocarbon Remediation

CON05-Reactive Mat in Canal Catches Groundwater Contaminants

CON06-Sustainable Remediation of a Petrol Release in a Chalk Aquifer

CON07-Biosparge of Benzene and Orthodichlorobenzene in Groundwater: A Sustainable Remedy

CON08-Sheen Mitigation Using an Oleophilic Bio Barrier - A New and Sustainable Remediation Technique

CON09-Natural Source Zone Depletion in a Dismantled Petrol Station

CON10-Sustainability Assessment Case Study – Groundwater Remediation Close-Out

DoWCoP Bulletins

DoWCoP bulletins describe applications of the CL:AIRE Definition of Waste: Development Industry Code of Practice.

DoWCoP1 - Implementing the Waste Hierarchy at the Thames Tideway Chambers Wharf site (2019)

DoW CoP Guidance Bulletin 3

DoW CoP Fee Increase Nov 2023

EiCLaR Bulletins

EiCLaR bulletins describe in situ bioremediation technology developments and tools created within the EiCLaR project.

Guidance Bulletins

Guidance bulletins describe good practice as it applies to the characterisation, monitoring or remediation of contaminated soil or groundwater.

GB 01 - Stabilisation/solidification for the treatment of contaminated soil (2005)

GB 02 - Managing Japanese Knotweed on Development Sites: Code of Practice (2008)

GB 03 - The Definition of Waste: Development Industry Code of Practice

GB 04 - LNAPL Guidance Bulletin

Plume Metrics GWSDAT Poster

DoW CoP Guidance Bulletin 3 - Under review

INSPIRATION Bulletins

INSPIRATION bulletins describe practical aspects of research which have direct application to the management of contaminated soil or groundwater in an agricultural context.

IB02 - Development of sensors for monitoring nitrate in groundwater (2019)

IB03 - The proportional contribution of nitrate sources in surface water in a mesoscale river catchment with a land-use gradient (2019)

IB04 - Micropollutants as tracers for anthropogenic impacts on groundwater quality and recharge sources on a local scale – the case study of Fehraltorf, Switzerland (2019)

IB5 - Geological consistency in self-optimising groundwater models using nested particle filters (2019)

IB6 - Analysing N sources and transformation processes in groundwater under agricultural areas (chalk aquifer, Belgium) (2019)

IB7 - Experimental quantification and kinetics of nitrate reduction potential by reduced species in soil samples obtained from sandy aquifers (2019)

IB8 - Bio-restoration of metal-contaminated soil using biochar to enhance the productivity of marginal land (2019)

IB9 - Developing biosensors to measure the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil remediation (2019)

IB10 - Investigating the effects of biochar and brown coal waste on productivity of maize (2019)

IB12 - Indicators for the selection of filter media options for phosphorus recycling to agricultural soils (2019)

IB13 - Isotope techniques for the analysis of δ18O of inorganic phosphate within aquatic ecosystems (2019)

IB14 - Integrated use of meta-analytical data to identify management trade-offs on crop growth, soil quality and environmental quality in agriculture (2019)

IB15 - Identification of priority areas to target pesticide pollution mitigation measures (2019)

IB11 - A decision support tool to select media to mitigate nutrients in farm drainage water (2019)

IB01 - Use of a novel integrated passive flux sampler to monitor the spreading of solutes in groundwater (2020)

NanoRem Bulletins

NanoRem bulletins describe practical aspects of research which have direct application to the characterisation, monitoring or remediation of contaminated soil or groundwater using nanoparticles.

NanoRem 1 - Nanotechnology for Contaminated Land Remediation – Possibilities and Future Trends Resulting from the NanoRem Project (2016)

NanoRem 4 - A Guide to Nanoparticles for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites (2016)

NanoRem 2 - Appropriate Use of Nanoremediation in Contaminated Land Management (2017)

NanoRem 3 - Generalised Guideline for Application of Nanoremediation (2017)

NanoRem 5 - Development and Application of Analytical Methods for Monitoring Nanoparticles in Remediation (2017)

NanoRem 6 - Forecasting Nanoparticle Transport in Support of In Situ Groundwater Remediation (2017)

NanoRem 7 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Spolchemie I, Czech Republic (2017)

NanoRem 8 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Spolchemie II, Czech Republic (2017)

NanoRem 9 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Solvay, Switzerland (2017)

NanoRem 10 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Balassagyarmat, Hungary (2017)

NanoRem 11 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Neot Hovav, Israel (2017)

NanoRem 12 - NanoRem Pilot Site – Nitrastur, Spain (2017)

Research Bulletins

Research bulletins describe specific, practical aspects of research which have direct application to the characterisation, monitoring or remediation of contaminated soil or groundwater.

RB 01 - Enhanced in situ bioremediation technique for manganese removal from mine waters (2003)

RB 02 - FIRS (Ferric Iron Remediation and Stabilisation): a novel electrokinetic technique for soil remediation and engineering (2003)

RB 03 - Project SIReN: Research projects (2006)

RB 04 - Project SIReN – Future research needs (2006)

RB 05 - Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollution via Bone Meal Amendments to Soil: Field and Laboratory Trials (2007)

RB 05 - Supplement

RB 06 - Results of a laboratory microcosm study to determine the potential for bioremediation of chlorinated solventDNAPL source areas (2006)

RB 07- Field portable x-ray fluorescence (FPXRF): A rapid and low cost alternative for measuring metals and metalloids in soils (2008)

RB 08 - Modelling approaches for assessing risks associated with petroleum hydrocarbon spills in the UK Chalk aquifer (2009)

RB 09 - Electrokinetic Ferric Iron Remediation and Stabilisation (FIRS) of Hexavalent Chromium Contaminated Soils: An Ex Situ Field Scale Demonstration (2009)

RB 10 - Bioremediation of heavy hydrocarbons –reducing uncertainty in meeting risk-based targets: laboratory to field scale (PROMISE Project) (2010)

RB 11 - Streamtube project overview: Longitudinal transect assessment of the SABRE site DNAPL source zone (2010)

RB 12 - Modelling Food-Chain Transfer of Contaminants in Soil to Terrestrial Ecological Receptors (2010)

RB 13 - The utility of continuous monitoring in detection and prediction of “worst case” ground-gas concentration (2011)

RB 14 - Generic Human-Health Assessment Criteria for Arsenic at Former Coking Works Sites (2011)

RB 15 - Generic Human-Health Assessment Criteria for Benzo[a]pyrene at Former Coking Works Sites (2011)

RB 16 - Generic Human-Health Assessment Criteria for Benzene at Former Coking Works Sites (2011)

RB 17 - A Pragmatic Approach to Ground Gas Risk Assessment (2012)

RB 18 - Prioritisation of abandoned non-coal mine impacts on the environment

RB 19 - Regeneration of Brownfield Land Using Sustainable Technologies (ROBUST) (2016)

RB 20 - Investigating the Potential for Biostimulation to Remediate Uranium-contaminated Groundwater (2015)

RB 21 - Resource Recovery and Remediation of Alkaline Wastes (R3AW) (2019)

Research Project Reports

RP 03 - Snapshot

RP 03 - Processes Controlling the Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons and MTBE in Chalk (2006)

RP 04 - The Development of a Statistical Model to Optimise Investigation to Characterise Contaminated Land (2007)

RP 05 -The Use of Bonemeal Phosphates to Stabilise Metal Contamination

RP 05 - Conference Paper Extract: An Investigation into Remediation of Heavy Metals by Bonemeal Amendments to Contaminated Soil

RP 06 - Phytoextraction of Metals: Investigation of Hyperaccumulation and Field Testing (2005)

RP 06 - Snapshot

RP16: Performance Assessment of Stabilised / Solidified Waste Forms (PASSiFy)

SABRE Bulletins

SABRE bulletins describe specific, practical aspects of research from the LINK Bioremediation Project SABRE, which aimed to develop and demonstrate the effectiveness of in situ enhanced anaerobic bioremediation for the treatment of chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas.

SAB 01 - Project SABRE (Source Area Bioremediation) - an Overview (2010)

SAB 02 - Site Investigation techniques for DNAPL source and plume zone characterisation (2010)

SAB 03 - Results of laboratory column studies to determine the potential for bioremediation of chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas (2010)

SAB 04 - Insights and modelling tools for designing and improving chlorinated solvent bioremediation applications (2010)

SAB 05 - Overview of the SABRE field tests (2010)

SAB 06 - Source Area DNAPL Bioremediation: performance monitoring and assessment (2012)

Site Bulletins

CL:AIRE site bulletins provide a source of background information on sites which have been used within the scope of CL:AIRE technology demonstration and research projects.

SB 01 - MNA Bulletin (2005)

SB 02 - SIRen (MNA) overview and description of projects (2005)

SB 03 - Coal Mine Sites for Targeted Remediation Research:- The CoSTaR Initiative (2006)

SUBR:IM (Sustainable Urban Brownfield Management: Integrated Management) Bulletins

SUBR:IM bulletins present practical outcomes of research by the SUBR:IM consortium which have direct application to the brownfield and contaminated land communities.

SUB 01 - The role of the development industry in brownfield regeneration (2006)

SUB 02 - Uncovering the true impacts of remediation (2007)

SUB 03 - Climate change, pollutant linkage and brownfield regeneration (2007)

SUB 04 - Measuring sustainability: What's in a number? (2007)

SUB 05 - Avoiding future brownfield sites through design for deconstruction and the reuse of building components (2007)

SUB 06 - Communicating risk on contaminated sites: How best to engage with local residents (2007)

SUB 07 - Acid Tar Lagoons (2008)

SUB 08 - Community Engagement, Urban Regeneration and Sustainability (2008)

SUB 09 - Quality in Land Remediation: Indicators and Protocols for Brownfield Land (2008)

SUB 10 - The Use of Compost in the Regeneration of Brownfield Land (2008)

SUB 11 - Integrated remediation, reclamation and greenspace creation on brownfield land (2009)

SUB 12 - SUBR:IM (Sustainable Urban Brownfield Regeneration: Integrated Management) - An overview (2009)

SuRF UK

SuRF-UK is the United Kingdom’s Sustainable Remediation Forum – an initiative set up to progress the UK understanding of sustainable remediation.

SuRF-UK Framework, Final March 2010

Review of Published Indicator Set 2 (Withdrawn 2020) - please refer to Supplementary Report 2, 2020

Annex 1: The SuRF-UK Indicator Set for Sustainable Remediation Assessment (withdrawn 2020)

SURF Case Study 1

SURF Case Study 2

SURF Case Study 3

SuRF_UK Phase 3 SMP Report 2014 (Withdrawn2021)

SuRF-UK SMPs 2014 (Withdrawn 2021)

Tier 1 Sustainability Assessment_2021_FINAL

SuRF4 Bulletin

Task 3 Framing Slides

SuRF-UK Framing Logbook v4

SuRF UK Briefcase Tier 1 Final Dec 2013

SuRF-UK Tier 1 Briefcase Logbook v4

A Review of the Legal and Regulatory Basis for Sustainable Remediation in the European Union and the United Kingdom

Certification of Sustainable Remediation Assessment

SuRF-UK Terms of Reference 2019

Supplementary Report 1

Supplementary Report 2 of the SuRF-UK Framework: Selection of Indicators/Criteria for Use in Sustainability Assessment for Achieving Sustainable Remediation (2020)

Supplementary Report 2 - Indicators Appendix 1 (2020)

SuRF-UK SMPs 2021

SuRF_UK SMP Report 2021

SuRF 5 Bulletin Resilience 2022

SuRF 6 Bulletin Sustainable Remediation concepts align with ISO 14001 2023

SuRF-UK Terms of Reference 2023

SuRF 7 Bulletin Introduction to Sustainable Remediation 2023

Technical Bulletins

Technical bulletins describe specific techniques, practices and methodologies currently being employed on sites in the UK.

TB 01 - Introduction to an integrated approach to the investigation of fractured rock aquifers contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquids (2002)

TB 02 - Multilevel sampling systems (2002)

TB 03 - Principals & practice for the collection of representative groundwater samples (2008)

TB 04 - Parameterisation of aquifer hydraulic properties: A contaminant hydrogeology perspective (2009)

TB 05 – The use of geophysical investigation techniques in the assessment of contaminated land and groundwater (2007)

TB 07 - Improving the reliability of contaminated land assessment using statistical methods: Part 1 (2004)

TB 09 - Stabilisation/Solidification Treatment and Remediation: Part 1: Summary of the State of Practice Reports I-IV STARNET (2004)

TB 11 - A practical guide to investigating DNAPL releases in the subsurface (2004)

TB 12 - Statistical Assessment of Contaminated Land: Some Implications of the ‘Mean Value Test’ (2006)

TB 13 - Understanding Soil Washing (2007)

TB 14 - Treatment of Chromium Contamination and Chromium Ore Processing Residue (2007)

TB 15 - Accounting for the groundwater-surface water interface in contaminated land assessments (2011)

TB 16 - Complete Continuous Monitoring in Underfloor Voids (2017)

TB 17 - Ground Gas Monitoring and ‘Worst-Case’ Conditions (2018)

TB 18 - Continuous Ground-Gas Monitoring and the Lines of Evidence Approach to Risk Assessment (2019)

TB 19 - Managing Risks and Liabilities associated with Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) (2019)

TB 20 - An Introduction to Natural Source Zone Depletion at LNAPL Sites (2019)

TB 21 - The GroundWater Spatiotemporal Data Analysis Tool (GWSDAT) for Groundwater Quality Analyses (2019)

TB22 - An overview of the uses of PFAS to assist with identification of sites of concern

Technology Demonstration Project Bulletins

Technology Demonstration Project (TDP) Bulletins provide a summary of CL:AIRE approved Technology Demonstration Projects. TDPs have passed through the CL:AIRE application and review process, and represent demonstration for the specific conditions in which they are applied.

TDP 25 - Decision Support Tool for Innovative In Situ Multi-Contaminant Groundwater Remediation (2014)

TDP 26 - In Situ Soil and Groundwater Decontamination using Electric Resistive Heating Technology (Six-Phase Heating) (2008)

TDP 28 - In situ radio frequency heating (ISRFH) of hydrocarbon contaminated chalk at a former service station in Kent (2011)

TDP 30 - In Situ 'Deliverability' Trials Using Calcium Polysulphide to Treat Chromium Contamination at Shawfield, Glasgow

TDP 31 - Demonstration of the ArviaTM process of adsorption coupled with electrochemical regeneration for the on-site, ex situ, decomposition of organic contaminants in groundwater (2013)